Hafnij
72
Hf
Skupina
4
Perioda
6
Blok
d
Protoni
Elektroni
Neutroni
72
72
106
Opća svojstva
Atomski broj
72
Relativna atomska masa
178,49
Maseni broj
178
Kategorija
Prijelazni metali
Boja
Siva
Radioaktivan
Ne
Od Hafnia, latinskog imena za Kopenhagen
Kristalna struktura
Jednostavna heksagonska
Povijest
In 1911, Georges Urbain claimed to have found the element in rare-earth residues which was shown later to be a mixture of already discovered lanthanides.
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy found it by X-ray spectroscopic analysis in Norwegian zircon in 1922.
Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer were the first to prepare metallic hafnium by passing hafnium tetra-iodide vapor over a heated tungsten filament in 1924.
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy found it by X-ray spectroscopic analysis in Norwegian zircon in 1922.
Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer were the first to prepare metallic hafnium by passing hafnium tetra-iodide vapor over a heated tungsten filament in 1924.
Elektrona po ljusci
2, 8, 18, 32, 10, 2
Elektronska konfiguracija
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
In powdered form, hafnium is pyrophoric and can ignite spontaneously in air
Fizikalna svojstva
Agregacijsko stanje
Čvrsto
Gustoća
13,31 g/cm3
Talište
2506,15 K | 2233 °C | 4051,4 °F
Vrelište
4876,15 K | 4603 °C | 8317,4 °F
Toplina taljenja
25,5 kJ/mol
Toplina isparavanja
630 kJ/mol
Specifični toplinski kapacitet
0,144 J/g·K
Zastupljenost u Zemljinoj kori
0,00033%
Zastupljenost u svemiru
7×10-8%
CAS broj
7440-58-6
PubChem CID broj
23986
Atomska svojstva
Atomski radijus
159 pm
Kovalentni radijus
175 pm
Elektronegativnost
1,3 (Paulingova ljestvica)
Potencijal ionizacije
6,8251 eV
Atomski volumen
13,6 cm3/mol
Toplinska vodljivost
0,23 W/cm·K
Stanja oksidacije
2, 3, 4
Primjene
Hafnium oxide-based compounds are being introduced into silicon-based chips to produce smaller, more energy efficient and performance packed processors.
Most of the hafnium produced is used in the production of control rods for nuclear reactors.
Hafnium is also used in photographic flash bulbs, light bulb filaments, and in electronic equipment as cathodes and capacitors.
Most of the hafnium produced is used in the production of control rods for nuclear reactors.
Hafnium is also used in photographic flash bulbs, light bulb filaments, and in electronic equipment as cathodes and capacitors.
Hafnium is considered to be non-toxic
Izotopi
Stabilni izotopi
176Hf, 177Hf, 178Hf, 179Hf, 180HfNestabilni izotopi
153Hf, 154Hf, 155Hf, 156Hf, 157Hf, 158Hf, 159Hf, 160Hf, 161Hf, 162Hf, 163Hf, 164Hf, 165Hf, 166Hf, 167Hf, 168Hf, 169Hf, 170Hf, 171Hf, 172Hf, 173Hf, 174Hf, 175Hf, 181Hf, 182Hf, 183Hf, 184Hf, 185Hf, 186Hf, 187Hf, 188Hf